The 29th annual Conference of the Parties (COP29), currently underway in Baku, Azerbaijan, is turning its spotlight on the aviation industry's contribution to climate change. This year's discussions have emphasized the environmental impact of air travel, acknowledging it as one of the fastest-growing sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. With global temperatures continuing to rise and climate change impacts becoming more severe, the need for urgent and comprehensive measures in the aviation sector has become a focal point at COP29.
The Growing Challenge of Aviation Emissions
Aviation currently accounts for approximately 2.5% of global CO₂ emissions, but its impact is much larger due to non-CO₂ factors like water vapor, contrails, and nitrogen oxides (NOx). According to a report by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), emissions from international flights could triple by 2050 if no new measures are taken. At COP29, stakeholders are exploring strategies to mitigate these emissions while balancing the sector's essential role in the global economy and connectivity.(https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference/cop29-azerbaijan-11-24-november-2024)
Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) and Clean Energy Innovations
One of the key solutions being highlighted at COP29 is the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). These biofuels, made from renewable sources like agricultural waste, algae, and municipal solid waste, have the potential to reduce life-cycle CO₂ emissions by up to 80%. However, challenges remain in scaling up SAF production and ensuring its affordability. The ICAO's latest initiative aims to implement a global framework for cleaner aviation energy, which includes SAF and other low-carbon alternatives, by2030.(https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/COP29%20ICAO%20Briefing%20Event%20%28SDG%20Pavillion%2011%20Nov%29_v3.pdf)
In addition to SAF, there are discussions around electric and hydrogen-powered aircraft. While these technologies are still in the early stages of development, they represent a promising long-term solution. At COP29, several countries and companies have showcased their progress in this area, emphasizing the need for strong policy support and investment in green aviation technologies. (https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference/cop29-azerbaijan-11-24-november-2024)
Another critical focus at COP29 is the regulation of aviation emissions through market-based measures like the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). CORSIA, which was adopted by ICAO, aims to stabilize international aviation emissions at 2020 levels by requiring airlines to offset emissions above this baseline. This program has faced criticism for its reliance on carbon credits, which some argue may not effectively reduce emissions. However, proponents believe that it provides a necessary stopgap until more sustainable technologies are widely adopted.(https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/COP29%20ICAO%20Briefing%20Event%20%28SDG%20Pavillion%2011%20Nov%29_v3.pdf)
In addition to CORSIA, there are calls for stronger regulatory frameworks at the national and international levels. COP29 participants have discussed the need for updated policies that not only set ambitious targets for emissions reductions but also incentivize airlines and aircraft manufacturers to adopt cleaner technologies. Measures under consideration include stricter fuel efficiency standards, increased investment in green infrastructure, and support for research and development of alternative propulsion systems. (https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference/cop29-azerbaijan-11-24-november-2024)
Equity and the Global South
A major concern raised at COP29 is the issue of equity in aviation emissions. Historically, most aviation emissions have been generated by a small percentage of the global population, primarily in wealthy nations. The Global South, while contributing far less to the problem, faces significant climate impacts from rising temperatures and extreme weather events. Developing countries have argued for a fairer approach that takes into account the historical emissions of developed nations while providing financial and technical support to less developed regions to help them transition to greener aviation practices.(https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference/cop29-azerbaijan-11-24-november-2024)
In response, several countries at COP29 have pledged to provide funding and capacity-building initiatives to help developing nations adopt cleaner aviation technologies. The discussions have also included proposals for a global climate fund dedicated to the aviation sector, aimed at supporting sustainable infrastructure projects like green airports and electric aircraft charging stations in the Global South.(https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/COP29%20ICAO%20Briefing%20Event%20%28SDG%20Pavillion%2011%20Nov%29_v3.pdf)
The aviation industry's path to decarbonization requires unprecedented collaboration between governments, airlines, manufacturers, and civil society. At COP29, there is a strong push for multilateral agreements that set clear, enforceable emissions targets and timelines. The conference has seen a range of commitments, from individual countries pledging to adopt zero-emission aircraft by mid-century, to collective agreements aiming for net-zero emissions across the entire aviation sector by 2050.(https://www.icao.int/environmentalprotection/Documents/COP29%20ICAO%20Briefing%20Event%20%28SDG%20Pavillion%2011%20Nov%29_v3.pdf)
One of the most ambitious initiatives discussed at COP29 is the proposal for a global carbon budget for the aviation sector. This would cap the total amount of emissions allowed from air travel and require countries and companies to adhere to strict emissions reductions plans. While the idea has garnered support, it also faces significant hurdles, including concerns about economic impacts and the feasibility of implementing such a system on a global scale .(https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference/cop29-azerbaijan-11-24-november-2024)
The discussions at COP29 reflect a growing recognition that the aviation sector must be part of the solution to climate change. As countries and industries work towards the ambitious goals set out in the Paris Agreement, the focus on aviation at this year's summit could be a turning point in the fight against global warming. By addressing the sector's environmental impact head-on and committing to actionable solutions, COP29 has the potential to drive significant progress in reducing aviation emissions and ensuring a more sustainable future for air travel.
The outcomes of these discussions will play a crucial role in shaping international policies and industry practices in the coming years. As the world looks to limit global warming to 1.5°C, the aviation sector's transformation will be essential in meeting this critical climate target.
